I'm trying to create an image to boot a PC Engines' APU2, which uses coreboot. The debugging is particularly funny as I don't have a usb to serial converter to see what's going on -_-. I've used the following properties:

laptop :: Host
laptop = host "laptop" $ props
    & osDebian Unstable X86_64
    ...
    & imageBuiltFor router
        (RawDiskImage "/srv/router.img")
        (Chroot.Debootstrapped mempty)

router :: Host
router = host "router" $ props
    & hasPartitionTableType GPT
    & hasPartition
        ( partition EXT2
            `mountedAt` "/boot"
            `partLocation` Beginning
            `setSize` MegaBytes 150
        )
    & hasPartition
        ( partition EXT4
            `mountedAt` "/"
            `addFreeSpace` MegaBytes 500
        )
    & osDebian (Stable "stretch") X86_64
    & Apt.installed ["linux-image-amd64"]
    & serialGrub
    ...
  where
    serialGrub :: Property (HasInfo + DebianLike)
    serialGrub = "/etc/default/grub" `File.containsLines`
            [ "GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX=\"console=ttyS0,115200n8 biosdevname=0\""
            , "GRUB_SERIAL_COMMAND=\"serial --speed=115200 --unit=0 --word=8 --parity=no --stop=1\""
            , "GRUB_TERMINAL=serial"
            ]
            -- `onChange` Grub.mkConfig
            `requires` Grub.installed Grub.Coreboot
            `describe` "GRUB configured for PC Engines' APU2 serial console"

This returns:

$ propellor --spin laptop
...
router no services started ... ok
router has partition table type GPT ... ok
router has has /boot partition ... ok
router has has / partition ... ok
router has Operating System (Debian Linux (Stable "stretch")) X86_64 ... ok
...
router apt installed linux-image-amd64 ... ok
Reading package lists...
Building dependency tree...
Reading state information...
The following additional packages will be installed:
  gettext-base grub-common grub-coreboot-bin grub2-common libfreetype6
  libfuse2 libpng16-16 os-prober
Suggested packages:
  multiboot-doc grub-emu xorriso desktop-base console-setup fuse
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  gettext-base grub-common grub-coreboot grub-coreboot-bin grub2-common
  libfreetype6 libfuse2 libpng16-16 os-prober
0 upgraded, 9 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 4354 kB of archives.
After this operation, 20.9 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Get:1 http://deb.debian.org/debian stretch/main amd64 libpng16-16 amd64 1.6.28-1 [280 kB]
Get:2 http://deb.debian.org/debian stretch/main amd64 libfreetype6 amd64 2.6.3-3.2 [438 kB]
Get:3 http://deb.debian.org/debian stretch/main amd64 libfuse2 amd64 2.9.7-1 [125 kB]
Get:4 http://deb.debian.org/debian stretch/main amd64 gettext-base amd64 0.19.8.1-2 [121 kB]
Get:5 http://deb.debian.org/debian stretch/main amd64 grub-common amd64 2.02~beta3-5 [2174 kB]
Get:6 http://deb.debian.org/debian stretch/main amd64 grub2-common amd64 2.02~beta3-5 [526 kB]
Get:7 http://deb.debian.org/debian stretch/main amd64 grub-coreboot-bin amd64 2.02~beta3-5 [587 kB]
Get:8 http://deb.debian.org/debian stretch/main amd64 grub-coreboot amd64 2.02~beta3-5 [73.0 kB]
Get:9 http://deb.debian.org/debian stretch/main amd64 os-prober amd64 1.76~deb9u1 [30.0 kB]
Preconfiguring packages ...
E: Can not write log (Is /dev/pts mounted?) - posix_openpt (19: No such device)
Fetched 4354 kB in 1s (2803 kB/s)
Selecting previously unselected package libpng16-16:amd64.
(Reading database ... 26264 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../0-libpng16-16_1.6.28-1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libpng16-16:amd64 (1.6.28-1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libfreetype6:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../1-libfreetype6_2.6.3-3.2_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libfreetype6:amd64 (2.6.3-3.2) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libfuse2:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../2-libfuse2_2.9.7-1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libfuse2:amd64 (2.9.7-1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package gettext-base.
Preparing to unpack .../3-gettext-base_0.19.8.1-2_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking gettext-base (0.19.8.1-2) ...
Selecting previously unselected package grub-common.
Preparing to unpack .../4-grub-common_2.02~beta3-5_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking grub-common (2.02~beta3-5) ...
Selecting previously unselected package grub2-common.
Preparing to unpack .../5-grub2-common_2.02~beta3-5_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking grub2-common (2.02~beta3-5) ...
Selecting previously unselected package grub-coreboot-bin.
Preparing to unpack .../6-grub-coreboot-bin_2.02~beta3-5_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking grub-coreboot-bin (2.02~beta3-5) ...
Selecting previously unselected package grub-coreboot.
Preparing to unpack .../7-grub-coreboot_2.02~beta3-5_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking grub-coreboot (2.02~beta3-5) ...
Selecting previously unselected package os-prober.
Preparing to unpack .../8-os-prober_1.76~deb9u1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking os-prober (1.76~deb9u1) ...
Setting up libpng16-16:amd64 (1.6.28-1) ...
Setting up libfuse2:amd64 (2.9.7-1) ...
Setting up gettext-base (0.19.8.1-2) ...
Setting up libfreetype6:amd64 (2.6.3-3.2) ...
Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.24-11+deb9u1) ...
Setting up grub-common (2.02~beta3-5) ...
Setting up grub2-common (2.02~beta3-5) ...
Setting up os-prober (1.76~deb9u1) ...
Setting up grub-coreboot-bin (2.02~beta3-5) ...

Creating config file /etc/default/grub with new version
Setting up grub-coreboot (2.02~beta3-5) ...
router GRUB configured for PC Engines' APU2 serial console ... ok
loop deleted : /dev/loop0
     25,091,167 100%  194.29MB/s    0:00:00 (xfr#4, to-chk=0/5)
    769,633,861  99%   26.74MB/s    0:00:27 (xfr#26204, to-chk=0/33524)   
update-initramfs: Generating /boot/initrd.img-4.9.0-4-amd64
/usr/sbin/grub-mkconfig: 253: /usr/sbin/grub-mkconfig: cannot create /boot/grub/grub.cfg.new: Directory nonexistent
loop deleted : /dev/loop0
laptop built disk image /srv/router.img ... failed
laptop overall ... failed

So, grub-mkconfig seems to be run without /boot/grub existing, which I can confirm by looking into /srv/router.img.chroot/boot/:

$ ls /srv/router.img.chroot/boot/
config-4.9.0-4-amd64      initrd.img-4.9.0-4-amd64  System.map-4.9.0-4-amd64  vmlinuz-4.9.0-4-amd64